Computer aided diagnostic method and device

ABSTRACT

A method for characterizing regions on a map or image generated from diffusion image data of a region of a patient&#39;s body, including: loading into a data processing device image data achieved by calculation from MR diffusion imaging; providing a first threshold level to distinguish pixels with image data values that are above or below the values found that are not representative of pathological portions of the region; providing a second threshold level higher than the first threshold; deriving a measure related to the gradient pattern of those pixels that lie within a margin zone defined by those pixels that satisfy a criterion of the second threshold but do not satisfy a criterion of the first threshold and; outputting the measure related to the gradient as a parameter indicative of the likelihood that the pixels that are within the margin zone and/or a region of the body part are cancerous.

This invention was made with U.S. Government support under contract number HHSN261201100075C awarded by National Institutes of Health (NIH). The U.S. Government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method and device for estimating the likelihood that an image of a body or body part obtained through Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) or Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) contains a lesion and further estimating the likelihood that the lesion is cancer.

The known technique of diffusion imaging is disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20100298692A1, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Background in Breast MRI Methods and Terminology:

The invention is applicable to a plurality of parts of the body. For the sake of clarity, the background and description will be described in terms of detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. It is to be understood that this description is for illustrative purposes and does not restrict the field of application to any specific form of cancer or any specific part of the body.

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) measures the magnitude and direction of random motion of water molecules and requires the acquisition of signals in at least 6 directions. If the random motion is assumed to be isotropic, then a simplified form of DTI, called Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) can be used, which only requires acquisition of signal in 3 directions. A qualitative representation of a diffusion image can be obtained using a single direction.

The physiological basis of using DWI/DTI for cancer diagnosis is that the densely packed cells within a cancer restrict the normal random motion (Brownian motion) that occurs within all cells. A low level of random motion within the cells is an indicator of cancer which is different from the vascularization characterized by dynamic contrast imaging (DCE), the current standard for breast MR detection and diagnosis. The most common diagnostic values obtained from diffusion analysis are:

-   -   1. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC): an aggregate         measure of the degree of diffusion that can be derived from the         three directions used for DWI. ADC maps can be used by         radiologists to distinguish areas with low Brownian motion that         are suspicious for cancer. Areas of low ADC values are         suspicious for breast cancer because the may indicate high         cellular, low diffusion region within a malignant lesions. [Eyal         E., Shapiro-Feinberg M., Furman-Haran E., Grobgeld D., Golan T.,         Itzchak Y, Catane R, Papa M., Degani H. “A Novel MRI method for         Breast Cancer Detection Based on Diffusion Tensor Tracking of         the Ductal Tree.” Paper C-0329. Proc ISMRM 19, May 2010]     -   2. Fractional anisotropy (FA): an aggregate measure of         anisotropy that requires the six or more directions used for         DTI. FA maps can be used by radiologists to distinguish areas of         strong and weak anisotropy.         -   The following gives a summary of the use of tensor             eigenvalues as applied to diffusion MR imaging:             -   Apparent diffusion coefficient (also known as the mean                 diffusivity, D_(av)) describes the degree of mobility or                 restriction of water molecules, and is given by

ADC=(λ₁+λ₂+λ₃)/3mm²/second,

-   -   where λ1, λ2, λ3 are the maximum, intermediate, and minimum         diffusion tensor eigenvalues, respectively. The eigenvalues         describe the magnitude or rate of diffusion along each of the         three principal axes of the diffusion tensor ellipsoid (in         mm²/second).     -   Fractional anisotropy is a unitless measure of the degree of         directionality of intravoxel diffusivity, calculated by

${FA} = \frac{\left. \sqrt{}\left\lbrack {\left( {\lambda_{1} - \lambda_{2}} \right)^{2} + \left( {\left( {\lambda_{2} - \lambda_{3}} \right)^{2} + \left( \left( {\lambda_{1} - \lambda_{3}} \right)^{2} \right\rbrack} \right.} \right. \right.}{\left. \sqrt{}2 \right.\left. \sqrt{}\left\lbrack {\lambda_{1}^{2} + \lambda_{2}^{2} + \lambda_{3}^{2}} \right\rbrack \right.}$

-   -   “For isotropic diffusion (λ1=λ2=λ3), FA is zero, and in the case         of high anisotropy where there is a strongly preferred direction         of diffusion λ1>>λ2≧λ3”. [Partridge, S C, Ziadloo A, Murthy R,         White S W, Peacock S, Eby P R, DeMartini W B, Lehman C D.         “Diffusion Tensor MRI: Preliminary Anisotropy Measures and         Mapping of Breast Tumors,” Journal of Magnetic Resonance         Imaging, February 2010, 31:339-347]

The sensitivity of the DWI sequence to water motion can be varied by changing the gradient amplitude, the duration of the applied gradient, and the time interval between the paired gradients. On clinical MR scanners, the diffusion sensitivity is easily varied by changing the parameter known as the “b” value, which is proportional to these three factors. When the b value is changed, it is usually the gradient amplitude, rather the duration or time intervals between gradients, that is altered. [Koh D-M, Collins D J. “Diffusion-Weighted MRI in the Body: Applications and Challenges in Oncology.” AJR June 2007; 188:1622-1635]

The ADC map can be computed from the DWI or DTI data using at least two different b values. When the ADC value is computed using two b values, the following equation is used, where S_(DWI) is the combined DWI (geometric average of unidirectional high b diffusion-weighted images), and S₀ is the T2-weighted b=0 s/mm² reference image. [Partridge, S C, DeMartini W B, Kurland B F, Eby P R, White S W, Lehman C D. “Differential Diagnosis of mammographically and Clinically Occult Breast Lesions on Diffusion-Weighted MRI.” Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, March 2010, 31:562-570]

${ADC} = {{- \frac{1}{b}}{\ln \left( \frac{S_{DWI}}{S_{0}} \right)}}$

High b value of 1000 has been used by some researchers [Guo Y, Cai Y-Q, Cai Z-L, Gao Y-G, An N-Y, Ma L, Mahankali S, Gao, J-H. “Differentiation of Clinically Benign and Malignant Breast Lesions using Diffusion-Weighted Imaging,” Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2002, 16:172-178 (2002)], [Yili Z, Xiaoyan H, Hongwen D, Yun Z, Xin C, Peng W, Youmin G “The value of diffusion-weighted imaging in assessing the ACD changes of tissues adjacent to breast carcinoma.” BMC Cancer 2009, 9:18: 1-10. (available at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/9/18)], while Partridge, et al have used a high b value of 600, noting that:

“It has been shown that the b-value that provides the highest signal-to-noise ratio for a spin-echo diffusion-weighting sequence is equal to 1.1/ADC [citing [Jones D K, Horsfield M A, Simmon A. “Optimal strategies for measuring diffusion in anisotropic systems by magnetic resonance imaging,” Magn Reson Med 1999; 42:515-525.]] For breast imaging, with typical reported ADC values of 1.6-2.0×10³ mm²/s for normal tissue, this corresponds to an optimal diffusion weighting of approximately b=600 s/mm².” Partridge, S C, DeMartini W B, Kurland B F, Eby P R, White S W, Lehman C D. “Quantitative Diffusion-Weighted Imaging as an Adjunct to Conventional Breast MRI for Improved Positive Predictive Value,” AJR December 2009; 193-1716-1722].

Non-zero low values of b, such as b=100, are sometimes used in place of b=0.

-   -   The selection of a low b-value larger than zero provides         suppression of large vessels which makes lesions more         conspicuous. The calculation of the tissue ADC can be more         accurate when starting with even higher b-values like 100 or 200         to omit the contribution of flow and microvascular effects.

[Graessner, “Frequently Asked Questions: Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI),” available at: http://www.medical.siemens.com/siemens/it_IT/gg_mr_FBAs/files/MAGNETOM_World/Application_Tips/MAGN ETOM_Flash_(—)46/Frequently_Asked_Questions_Diffusion-Weighted_Imaging.pdf].

Clinical MR systems generate diffusion weighted images in three directions, typically slice, frequency (read) and phase encoded. [Charles-Edwards E and deSousa, N, “Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and its application to cancer,” Cancer Imaging (2006), 6. 135-143] The minimum number of scans to obtain the ADC from the three orthogonal directions is 4: one scan at b=0 plus three unidirectional scans at high b value taken in the three orthogonal directions. [“D:the Diffusion of Water” (Chapter 7), Wheeler-Kingshott, et al. from: Quantitative MRI of the Brain (P. Tufts ed., 2003, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 0-470-84721-2]

DCE and DWI/DTI measure different physiological characteristics and can provide complementary information.

Images derived from DCE sequences are used to evaluate the enhancement pattern of a contrast agent (gadolinium) into and out of a lesion. Clinical evaluation is based on both the shape of the enhancement pattern (morphology) and the rate of flow of the contrast agent into and out of the lesion (kinetics). Both morphology and kinetics provide information about the vascularization that feeds the lesion; the physiological rationale for DCE is that cancerous lesions require increased vascularization to feed the growing tumor. Increased vascularization indicated by morphological and kinetic patterns of the contrast agent is regarded as a suspicious marker.

Images derived from DWI/DTI characterize random motion within cells as an indicator of cellular density.

Clinical advantages and problems associated with DWI are summarized as follows:

-   -   Dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI is used for detection and         diagnosis of breast cancer only for special cases, presumably         because of its relatively high costs, significant false positive         rates, discomfort and risk of adverse effects, including         nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Recently, it was shown that         apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values can help distinguish         between cancers, benign lesions and normal breast tissue.         However, ADC maps are not sufficiently sensitive for         establishing a stand alone method for breast cancer detection.         [Eyal E., Shapiro-Feinberg M., Furman-Haran E., Grobgeld D.,         Golan T., Itzchak Y, Catane R, Papa M., Degani H. “A Novel MRI         method for Breast Cancer Detection Based on Diffusion Tesor         Tracking of the Ductal Tree.” Paper C-0329. Proc ISMRM, 19, May         2010].

MRI advances, including parallel imaging, have enabled improvement in DWI utility:

-   -   The usefulness of DWI has already been established in the field         of neuroradiology. Despite its excellent contrast resolution,         DWI has the disadvantages of susceptibility and chemical shift         artifacts. The introduction of the latest parallel imaging         techniques, represented by SENSE technique, has solved these         problems and enabled DWI to produce images clinically acceptable         not only for neuroradiology but also for a variety of other         fields. This is probably because the parallel imaging techniques         are capable of reducing the number of phase encoding steps and         the time required to fill the k-space, which may lead to the         suppression of susceptibility and chemical artifacts. [Kuroki,         Y, Nasu K, Kuroki S, Murakami K, Hayashi, T, Sekiguchi R,         Nawano S. “Diffusion-weighted Imaging of Breast Cancer with the         Sensitivity Encoding Techniques: Analysis of the Apparent         Diffusion Coefficient Value,” Magnetic Resonance in Medical         Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 79-85: 2004].

One inherent problem with breast DCE, the current standard method of magnetic resonance imaging, is that enhancing agents are routinely used off-label. Non-labeled use can result in inconsistency in how the contrast agent is administered. An important advantage of DWI/DTI is that it does not require an enhancing agent and problems associated with administration of the agent do not exist.

In spite of limited sensitivity of ADC maps, the information provided by ADC maps has the potential to lead to improved detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. In some cases, such as those in which the patients cannot tolerate the enhancing agent or where the high cost of acquiring enhanced images precludes their clinical application, DWI could provide an alternative to DCE.

One reported advantage of DWI over DCE is that diagnostic performance of DWI is similar for mass and non-mass-like enhancement type lesions and may be higher for smaller (≦1 cm) versus larger lesions. [Partridge, S C, DeMartini W B, Kurland B F, Eby P R, White S W, Lehman C D. “Quantitative Diffusion-Weighted Imaging as an Adjunct to Conventional Breast MRI for Improved Positive Predictive Value,” AJR, December 2009; 193:1716-1722].

Moreover, DWI was found to perform equally well on invasive ductal and invasive lobular carcinoma. [Partridge, S C, DeMartini W B, Kurland B F, Eby P R, White S W, Lehman C D. “Quantitative Diffusion-Weighted Imaging as an Adjunct to Conventional Breast MRI for Improved Positive Predictive Value,” AJR December 2009; 193:1716-1722].

One primary reasons that DWI/DTI cannot currently be used in place of DCE for breast cancer screening is overlap of DWI intensity between benign and malignant lesions:

-   -   “However, because of considerable overlap in ADC of benign and         malignant lesions, breast DWI must remain as a research tool         until larger studies are performed to validate these findings.”

[Partridge, S C, DeMartini W B, Kurland B F, Eby P R, White S W, Lehman C D. “Quantitative Diffusion-Weighted Imaging as an Adjunct to Conventional Breast MRI for Improved Positive Predictive Value,” AJR, December 2009; 193:1716-1722].

Overlap of benign and malignant lesions can be mitigated by the use of features that supplement the discrimination realized from analysis of differences in pixel intensity values on ADC map, as is presently done. Partridge and Baltzer investigated one such feature, fractional anisotropy (FA). Baltzer showed the following results of FA analysis of breasts.

-   -   “FA values of parenchyma were higher than those of benign         lesions but at the same level of those of malignant lesions.”         [Baltzer P A T, Schafer A, Dietzel M, Grassel D, Gajda M, Camara         O, Kaiserr W A. “Diffusion Tensor magnetic Resonance Imaging of         the Breast: A Pilot Study,” Eur Radiol, published online Jul.         29, 2010. In print]

DWI can be acquired with a shorter acquisition time than is required for a DCE procedure that involves precontrast imaging, administration of contrast agent and saline push, and a sequence of dynamic contrast images that stretch over several minutes. In published literature, Partridge reported diffusion acquisition time of 2:40 minutes in both her DWI [and DTI studies. Partridge's DWI images were acquired using six directions. [Partridge, S C, Mullins C D, Kurland B F, Allain M D, DeMartini W B, Eby P R, Lehman C D. “Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Values for Discriminating Benign and Malignant Breast MRI Lesions: Effects of Lesion Type and Size.” AJR June 2010; 1994:1664-1673] [Partridge, S C, Ziadloo A, Murthy R S, White S W, Peacock S, Eby P R, DeMartini W B, Lehman C D. “Diffusion Tensor MRI: Preliminary Anisotropy Measures and Mapping of Breast Tumors,” Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging February 2010, 31:339-347]

The scientific basis of the proposed invention is based on two published results:

-   -   1. Study reported by Yili, et al., found that ADC values within         5 mm of a malignant lesion have cancer-like attributes, and that         these cancer-like attributes tend to disappear as you move         further from the lesion. [Yili Z, Xiaoyan H, Hongwen D, Yun Z,         Xin C, Peng W, Youmin G “The value of diffusion-weighted imaging         in assessing the ACD changes of tissues adjacent to breast         carcinoma.” BMC Cancer 2009, 9:18: 1-10. (available at         http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/9/18)]     -   2. A study directed by the inventor that demonstrated that the         sharpness of the margin or gradient of a breast lesion on MRI         discriminates benign from malignant conditions. [Penn A I,         Thompson S F, Brem R F, Lehman C, Weatherall P, Schnall M D,         Newstead G M, Conant, E F Ascher S M, Morris E, Pisano E D.         Morphologic Blooming in Breast MRI as a Characterization of         Margin for Discriminating Benign from Malignant Lesions. Acad         Radiol 2006; 13:1344-1354.]     -   “Others have shown that the signal loss from diffusion in vivo         is driven by both perfusion and diffusion, with the changes at         low b values dominated by perfusion and the higher values         characterizing intra- and extra-cellular diffusion (17, 39,         40).” [S. C. Partridge, H. Rahbar, R. Murthy, X. Chai, B. F.         Kurland, W. B. DeMartini, and C. D. Lehman “Improved Diagnostic         Accuracy of Breast MRI Through Combined Apparent Diffusion         Coefficients and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Kinetics.” Magnetic         Resonance in Medicine 65:1759-1767 (2011)].

Cited references in above quote:

-   17. Sinha S, Lucas-Quesada F A, Sinha U, DeBruhl N, Bassett L W. In     vivo diffusion-weighted MRI of the breast: potential for lesion     characterization. J Magn Reson Imaging 2002; 15:693-704. -   39. Bogner W, Gruber S, Pinker K, Grabner G, Stadlbauer A, Weber M,     Moser E, Helbich T H, Trattnig S. Diffusion-weighted MR for     differentiation of breast lesions at 3.0 T: how does selection of     diffusion protocols affect diagnosis? Radiology 2009; 253:341-351. -   40. Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, Aubin M L, Vignaud J,     Laval-Jeantet M. Separation of diffusion and perfusion in intravoxel     incoherent motion MR imaging. Radiology 1988; 168:497-505.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention operates on maps or images generated from Diffusion MR image data sets that may contain benign or malignant lesions. Benign and malignant lesions can be found in many parts of the body.

One feature of the invention is implemented by a method for generating a map of a region of a patient's body that provides information about the nature of lesion(s) in the region, the region being composed of a two or three dimensional matrix of elemental subregions, the method comprising:

-   -   performing at least one first scan of the region with an MRI         apparatus set to a first b value, B₁, to obtain a first matrix         of pixel or voxel intensity values, int (B₁), each intensity         value being derived from a respective subregion;     -   performing at least one second scan of the region with the MRI         apparatus set to a second b value, B₂, to obtain a second matrix         of pixel or voxel intensity values, int (B₂), each intensity         value being derived from a respective volume subregion;     -   deriving, for each subregion, a first computed value that is a         logarithmic function of (int (B₁)/int(B₂)) or a monotonic         function of ln(int (B₁)/int(B₂);     -   multiplying each computed value by a value proportional to int         (B₁) for the same subregion to obtain a second computed value         for each subregion; and producing a representation of all the         second computed values.

To cite one example, if B₁=0, then only one B₁ scan is needed and the results of that scan are paired with the results of the B₂ scan that may be different for the scan in each direction. If B₁>0, then the same B₁ value is used for each direction and the results of the B₁ scan is paired with the corresponding results of the B₂ scan for each direction.

Herebelow, B₁ will be referred to as B_(low) and B₂ will be referred to as B_(high).

Another feature of the invention is implemented by a method for characterizing regions on a map or image generated from diffusion image data of a region of a patient's body, comprising:

-   -   loading into a data processing device image data achieved by         calculation from MR diffusion imaging;     -   providing a first threshold level to distinguish pixels with         image data values that are above or below the values found that         are not representative of pathological portions of the region of         the patient's body;     -   providing a second threshold level that is higher than the first         threshold;     -   deriving a measure related to the gradient pattern of those         pixels that lie within a margin zone defined by those pixels         that satisfy a criterion of the second threshold but do not         satisfy a criterion of the first threshold and;     -   outputting the measure related to the gradient as a parameter         indicative of the likelihood that the pixels that are within the         margin zone and/or a region related to the margin zone are         cancerous.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a programming diagram showing the basic steps for generating a map or image according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a representation of images demonstrating the improvement according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a programming diagram showing the basic steps according to the invention for analyzing a lesion based on a parameter of the margin of the lesion.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the essential components of a general purpose computer that may be used to practice the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Published studies on breast diffusion imaging have reported that 10%-20% of test cases could not be evaluated because of problems related to the quality of the ADC images. For example, Hatakenaka (“Apparent Diffusion Coefficients of Breast Tumors: Clinical Application,” Magn Reson med Sci, 7(1), pp 23-29 (2008)) reported that “34 [of 179] cases were excluded as a result of small lesions and/or poor visualization of the lesions on DWI,” and Partridge (Diffusion Tensor MRI: Preliminary Anisotropy Measures and Mapping of Breast Tumors,” J Mag Res Imag 31, pp 339-347 (2010)) reported that “19 [of 158 lesions] were excluded because of technical problems with the DTI sequence—misregistration (N=15), poor fat suppression (N=2), or incomplete coverage of the lesion (N=2).”

The present invention provides a method and device that uses diffusion data to generate alternative images to ADC images for the detection and evaluation of possibly cancerous lesions.

The method and device and device according to this invention creates one or more novel maps generated from magnetic resonance diffusion scan data, image data sets that may contain benign or malignant lesions, so that computer programs, including the invention disclosed herein and in prior provisional application, and/or radiologists, including situations where a radiologist pre-reviews cases to determine which cases should have computer analysis, are able to better detect the presence of malignant lesions and/or discriminate malignant lesions from benign lesions when compared to the performance on the ADC maps. The novel maps may be in the form of a matrix of pixel or voxel values corresponding to spatial locations of pixel or voxel values in the ADC maps or in the form of paper or computer output generated from the matrix of pixel or voxel values suitable for either visual or computer analysis.

Common usage of the term “ADC” refers to a matrix of pixel or voxel values derived from three directional scans in the case of DWI and six or more scans in the case of DTI. However, the term “ADC” is also used to describe a map generated from a single unidirectional scan. Quantitative MRI of the Brain (P. Tufts ed., 2003, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 0-470-84721-2 contains the following description of diffusion along a specific direction:

-   -   “The PFG (Pulsed Field Gradient) method can be included in most         MRI sequences to introduce diffusion weighting along a specific         direction (given by the direction along which the diffusion         gradient is applied). This gives a reduced signal in areas of         the sample where the self-diffusion coefficient in that         direction is higher.”     -   “If S(TE,0) and S(TE,b), together with the value of the         b-factor, are known for each voxel of the imaged slice, a         voxel-by-voxel calculation using Equation (7.16) [the         Stejskal-Tanner formula] can produce a diffusion map, where each         voxel value is the average diffusion coefficient of the tissue         contained in that voxel, measured along the direction of         application of the diffusion gradient.” FIG. 7.6 of the same         book shows an example of “ADC maps along x, y, and z         [directions].”

In this citation, S is the signal value, TE is echo time of the pulse sequence, 0 is representative of the low b-value, and “b” is representative of a high non-zero b-value

Since the unidirectional-ADC does not require multiple scans in different directions, images are not degraded by misregistration resulting from patient movement between scans, and time consuming registration programs to correct for patient motion are not needed.

Herein, we refer to ADC derived from a single directional scan as “unidirectional-ADC.” The unidirectional-ADC values, computed from the matrix of signals for a single direction, is proportional to the ln(int(B_(low))/int(B_(high))), where int(B_(low)) is the intensity of the pixel value(s) computed using b=B_(low), and int(B_(high)) is the intensity of the pixel value(s) computed using b=B_(high). B_(low) and B_(high) are two specific b values selected by the operator.

Equivalently, the unidirectional-ADC values are proportional to the values consisting of {ln(int(B_(low))−ln(int(B_(high))}. Frequently B_(low) is set equal to 0, as in the description and quotations given above, but for some applications, a positive value of B_(low), say B_(low)=100, may be used. Images derived from the matrix {ln(int(B_(low))−ln(int(B_(high))} frequently lack conspicuity of lesions in the images. Since lesions are generally conspicuous in the B_(low) image, it is the purpose of the invention to make the lesions more conspicuous by multiplying every pixel or voxel of {ln(int(B_(low))−ln(int(B_(high))} by the value of the corresponding pixel or voxel in, preferably, the B_(low) image. The mathematical operation of combining two matrices by multiplying their corresponding elements is known as the Hadamard operation, and the resultant matrix is referred to in this disclosure as the “Hadamard image.”

-   -   “High-b-value DWI using a clinical magnetic resonance imaging         (MRI) system has been applied and clinical benefit of it has         been discussed in the diagnosis of cerebral infarction[3-5],         tumorous lesions [5] and degenerative diseases in recent years.         However, an increase of the b-value results in a longer echo         time (TE), and also decreases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)         attributed to enlargement of the field of view (FOV). Initial         application of DWimaging with high b-values of 2,500-3,000 s/mm2         for acute or subacute infarction provided no apparent diagnostic         advantages compared with those of usual b=1,000 s/mm2 images [3,         4].” [Toyoda, et al. “Usefulness of high-b-value         diffusion-weighted imaging in acute cerebral infarction,” Eur         Radiol (2007) 17:1212-1220.]

The present invention thus provides an improved method and device for creating maps generated from diffusion image data that may contain cancerous lesions so that a radiologist and/or a set of computer instructions is better able to detect the existence of cancerous lesions and/or discriminate benign from cancerous lesions with a higher degree of accuracy than the radiologist and/or set of computer instructions could achieve using ADC maps.

To accomplish this, the present invention is characterized by a method and a device for generating novel maps that can be used in place of ADC maps as source data in steps performed by either the radiologist or a computer for the purpose of detecting cancerous lesions and/or discriminating benign from malignant lesions. This method comprises the following steps:

-   -   1) Selecting two or more “b” values for computation of ADC as         described above, one of which is denoted in this disclosure as         “high-b” and one of which is denoted in this disclosure as         “low-b.”     -   2) Loading an ADC image resulting from unidirectional scanning         and produced by calculation from diffusion scan data for the         high-b, such image referred to in this disclosure as “ADChigh,”         and loading an ADC image obtained by unidirectional scanning in         the same direction and produced by calculation from diffusion         scan data for the low-b, such image referred to in this         disclosure as “ADClow,” where ADChigh and ADClow are matrices         having the same dimensions.     -   3) Deriving a unidirectional image in one-to-one correspondence         with ADChigh wherein each pixel or voxel of the derived image is         the natural log of the pixel or voxel value of ADChigh, where         the derived image is denoted in this disclosure as “lnADChigh,”         and deriving a unidirectional image in one-to-one correspondence         with ADClow wherein each pixel or voxel of the derived image is         the natural log of the pixel or voxel value of ADClow, where the         derived image is denoted in this disclosure as “lnADClow,” While         the invention is disclosed in terms of the natural log, it is         understood that log to another numerical base, discretized         approximations of the ln, or other mathematical functions could         also be similarly used to achieve the same purpose.     -   4) Deriving a second image or set of images in one-to-one         correspondence with ADChigh and ADClow by subtracting the pixel         values of lnADClow from lnADChigh or lnADChigh from lnADClow and         then multiplying the result of every subtracted element by the         corresponding value of ADClow. The third image or set of images         is referred to in this disclosure as the “Hadamard Image” or the         “Hadamard Images.”     -   5) Using the Hadamard Image or Hadamard Images, or data derived         from the Hadamard Image or Hadamard Images, as the source data         for visual or computer interpretation in one or more steps in         which the ADC image, or data from the ADC image can be used to         detect cancerous lesions or to discriminate cancerous from         benign lesions.

One example of this procedure is shown in FIG. 1. In step 102, a first MRI scan of the volume region is carried out with a low b value. In step 104, a signal intensity value for each elemental subregion of the volume region from first scan is stored. In step 106, MRI scan of the volume region is carried out with a high b value. In step 108, a signal intensity value for each elemental subregion of the volume region from second scan is stored. In step 110, for each elemental subregion, a value representative of the difference between the signal intensity values from the first scan and the second scan is calculated. In step 112, for each elemental subregion, the calculated value is multiplied by the signal intensity value for each elemental subregion of volume region from first scan. Finally, in step 114, a map or image of the values resulting from the multiplication is generated.

Alternatively, the high-b and/or low-b scan values may be generated from the same physical scan on the MRI equipment.

The present invention provides radiologists and/or follow-up post-processing computers with an additional feature in the form of an indication of suspicion computed from the ADC map or the Hadamard image that is different from the evaluation of pixel intensity values.

In a study using the above-described procedure, two scans were performed in a primary plane of acquisition; the primary plane in the study was axial, but it could be coronal or sagital. Each scan was processed independently, producing for each scan a measure of suspicion. A conclusion was then based on the maximum of the measures for the two scans.

The diffusion scans could actually be performed after a dynamic contrast series while contrast agent is still in the volume region being observed. However, the calculations according to the present invention are independent of whether or not contrast agent is present.

FIG. 2 shows a unidirectional ADC image and a corresponding Hadamard image for a section of a human female breast that contains a malignant lesion. The Hadamard image shows the extent and characteristics of the border of the lesion whereas the lesion is barely visible on the ADC image. The delineation of extent and characteristics of the border enables improved discrimination and assessment by the expert radiologist and/or the computer-aided-diagnosis system. Cells within the core of the lesion are densely packed and appear brighter than background tissue on the Hadamard image and darker than background tissue on the ADC image. If breast tissue adjacent to the lesion has intensity midway between the brightness of the core of the lesion and the brightness of the background, it may indicate that malignant cells have leaked into the adjacent tissue; in FIG. 2, this is seen in the Hadamard image but not in the ADC image.

The present invention thus provides a method and system for obtaining diagnostic information from diffusion scan data that can be used, either by itself or in conjunction with ADC, FA, and possibly other diffusion scan data measures, to improve diffusion scan data effectiveness as an adjunct or alternative procedure to DCE for discrimination of malignant lesions from benign conditions.

The long-range potential for breast diffusion imaging goes beyond serving as an adjunct to DCE: Early results indicate that diffusion imaging may be as effective for troublesome non-mass lesions, such as are found in infiltrating lobular carcinoma (ILC) and DCIS [Partridge, S C, DeMartini W B, Kurland B F, Eby P R, White S W, Lehman C D. “Quantitative Diffusion-Weighted Imaging as an Adjunct to Conventional Breast MRI for Improved Positive Predictive Value,” AJR December 2009; 193:1716-1722], and it is possible that with computer-aided-diagnosis (CAD) utilizing the present invention, diffusion imaging may have similar (or better) sensitivities and specificities for these or other specific types of cancer or for specific groups or sets of patients. For example, the present invention may have improved sensitivity and/or specificity when used for women with dense breasts when compared to mammography, the current standard or practice.

The present invention provides a method and system for obtaining diagnostic information from diffusion scans that can be used, either by itself or in conjunction with ADC, FA, and possibly other measures, as an alternative to DCE for diagnosing, detecting and/or monitoring certain forms of breast cancer. Using diffusion imaging as an alternative procedure to DCE provides significant morbidity and cost advantages. The lack of contrast agent and reduction in acquisition time would translate into a substantial savings in cost. Moreover, the lack of need for contrast agent would result in reduced morbidity and increased availability to those who are in danger of adverse reaction to the enhancing agent. Diffusion imaging offers the potential for characterizing, at low cost and without contrast, the state of known malignancies that are undergoing therapy, providing a cost-effective method for monitoring the effectiveness of therapy. The present invention improves the sensitivity and/or specificity of diffusion imaging so that it can achieve the performance required for clinical acceptance.

The present invention provides a method and a device for identifying regions on an ADC map or Hadamard image generated from diffusion scan data that may be cancerous and producing parameters reflecting the likelihood that those regions are cancerous, where the obtained parameters provide information that is supplementary and/or complementary to diagnostic information obtained from the magnitude of the ADC and FA values derived from the diffusion scan data and where the parameters so derived are related to the gradients along the margins of regions of the ADC map or Hadamard image the pixels of which are lower or higher in magnitude than the values in the background and/or non-lesion portions of the image. It is understood that the present invention is described in terms of the normal ADC map in which regions of low intensity represent areas of suspicion, but can be similarly applied to modified ADC maps such as, for example, intensity inverted ADC maps, in which areas of suspicion are indicated by high pixel intensity, by appropriately modifying the algorithm to correspond to the modification to the ADC map. For the example of the intensity inverted ADC map, the words “lower” and “higher” in the description would be interchanged, as appropriate. Similarly, the present invention is applied to a Hadamard image in which regions of high intensity represent areas of suspicion, but can be similarly applied to modified Hadamard images such as, for example, intensity inverted Hadamard images, in which areas of suspicion are indicated by low pixel intensity.

To accomplish this result, the present invention is characterized by a method and a device for identifying regions of the ADC maps having values that are lower in magnitude than the background and/or non-lesion portions or regions of the Hadamard image having values that are higher in magnitude than the background and/or non-lesion portions by: defining a margin zone around the identified region; computing the gradient within the margin zone; computing a measure of likelihood of malignancy of a region defined by the margin zone, for example the region formed by pixels surrounded by the margin zone; and using the likelihood measure as input to either a device that displays the likelihood measure to the end user or as input of the likelihood measure for additional computer processing.

This identifying method may comprise the following steps, which are depicted in FIG. 3:

-   -   (1) Loading an ADC image achieved by calculation from diffusion         scan data or loading a Hadamard image generated according to         this invention (block 302).     -   (2) Selecting a first threshold level to distinguish pixels with         ADC values that are below the values found within the background         and/or normal portion of the image or pixels with Hadamard         values that are above the values found within the background         and/or normal portion of the image (block 304);     -   (3) Selecting a second threshold level that is higher than the         first threshold level in the case of the ADC map or lower than         the first threshold level in the case of the Hadamard image         (block 306);     -   (4) Deriving a measure related to the gradient of those pixels         that lie within a margin zone defined by one or more connected         sets of pixels that satisfy a criterion of the second threshold         but do not satisfy a criterion of the first threshold (block         308), where the criteria for the two thresholds may be either of         the pair {<, ≦}, or the pair {>, ≧}, for example, pixels in the         margin zone may consist of a connected set of pixels that have         intensity values less than or equal to the second threshold and         are not less than the first threshold in the case of ADC, or a         set of pixels that may, for example, have intensity values         greater than the second threshold and less than or equal to the         first threshold in the case of Hadamard image, and the measure         related to the gradient may be a step function monotonically         related to the gradient as described in Methods of Achieving         Step 4, below.     -   (5) Outputting the measure related to the gradient as a         parameter reflective of the likelihood that the pixels that are         within the margin zone and/or a region related to the margin         zone are cancerous (block 310).

Multiple methods exist and are known to practitioners in the field for achieving each of steps (1) through (5). The invention comprises a method and device that uses these 5 steps to achieve the objective of providing additional diagnostic indicators of suspicion of cancer on maps or images derived from diffusion scan data.

For illustrative purposes, two methods of achieving each of steps (1) through (5) will be described. It is to be understood that these methods do not restrict the invention and that similar and/or comparable methods known to practitioners in the field can be used.

Methods of Achieving Step (1): Loading ADC Maps or Hadamard Images Achieved by Calculation from Diffusion Scan Data.

-   -   Method 1A of achieving step (1): Loading an ADC map into data         processing device, such as a computer, from an external source,         such as a post-processing module integrated into the MRI system         or computing a Hadamard image according to the invention and         loading the Hadamard image into data processing device.     -   Method 1B of achieving step (1): Computing eigenvalues from the         diffusion scan data and generating ADC values from the         eigenvalues using known mathematical methods and loading the ADC         values into the data processing device.         Methods of Achieving Step (2): Setting a First Threshold Level         to Distinguish Pixels with ADC Values that are Below or Above         the Values Found within the Background and/or Normal Portion of         the Image or to Distinguish Pixels with Hadamard Image Values         that are Above or Below the Values Found within the Background         and/or Normal Portion of the Image.     -   Method 2A of achieving step (2). The first threshold level is         determined on the basis of prior research and clinical knowledge         of the physiological application and diffusion imaging         parameters by the technical and/or medical staff conducting the         procedure or maintaining the MRI system.     -   Method 2B of achieving step (2). The first threshold level is         computed from a histogram analysis of the ADC map by identifying         pixel values that are statistically lower in value than pixel         values found within the organ or background of the image or from         a histogram analysis of the Hadamard image by identifying pixel         values that are statistically higher in value than pixel values         found within the organ or background of the image. For example,         the threshold level may be determined to be a fixed number of         standard deviation below or above the mean pixel value within         the imaged organ.

Methods of achieving step (3): Setting a second threshold level that is higher than the first threshold level in the case of the ADC map or lower than the first threshold level in the case of the Hadamard image

-   -   Method 3A of achieving step (3) is to select a second threshold         level based upon some function of the first threshold level on         the scale of possible threshold levels. For example, the second         threshold level could be selected to be “N” threshold units         above the first threshold level in the case of ADC or below the         first threshold in the case of Hadamard image, where “N” is         determined from research or clinical experience.     -   Method 3B of achieving step (3) is to select a second threshold         level based on the number or fraction of pixels that satisfy the         second threshold criterion when compared to the number of pixels         that satisfy the first threshold criterion for pixels lying         within a particular body part.         Methods of Achieving Step (4): Deriving a Measure Related to the         Gradient of Those Pixels that Lie within a Margin Zone Defined         by Those Pixels that Satisfy the Criterion of the Second         Threshold but do not Satisfy the Criterion of the First         Threshold, where the Criteria May be any of < or ≦;     -   Method 4A of achieving step (4). A point P=(x0,y0) in an (x,y)         plane of the volume region being examined is interior to the         margin zone if P and each of its nearest 8 neighbors,         {(x0+1,y0), (x0−1,y0), (x0,y0+1), (x0,y0−1), (x0+1,y0+1),         (x0+1,y0+1), (x0−1,y0+1), (x0+1,y0+1)}, is also within the         margin zone. For each point P interior to the margin zone, find         the maximum ADC values at {(x0+1,y0), (x0−1,y0), (x0,y0+1),         (x0,y0−1)} and denote those values by Max_(—)4 (P). Find the         maximum ADC values at {(x0+1,y0+1), (x0+1,y0+1), (x0−1,y0+1),         (x0+1,y0+)} and denote it by Max_(—)8 (P). Let ADC(P) be the ADC         value at point P. The ADC gradient at P is the maximum of         Max_(—)4 (P)−ADC(P) and Max_(—)8 (P)−ADC(P)/1.414. Let the         measure related to the gradient of pixels that lie within the         margin zone be computed as the mean of the distribution of         gradient values within the interior of the margin zone.     -   Method 4B of achieving step (4) is the method of expanding         geometric regions-of-interest, as implemented in the step         function method, described in U.S. Patent Application         Publication No. 2009/0060297 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No.         7,974,676), incorporated herein by reference, and particularly         paragraphs [0039] through [0041] of the published application,         reproduced below. An example of a method for defining the         landmark is to have a radiologist draw a region-of-interest         (ROI) in the approximate location of the lesion and use the         pixel with the lowest intensity in the case of the ADC map or         the highest intensity in the case of the Hadamard image as the         landmark. An example of the ending criterion is where the number         of pixels in the grown cluster first achieves a minimum of a         multiple “N” times the number of pixels in the initial cluster         corresponding to the first threshold, where N is an integer such         as “4”.         -   Using standard thresholding and clustering algorithms, a             cluster is grown around the landmark for each possible             intensity value, which according to one embodiment starts             with the highest (e.g., 255) and ending with the lowest (0).             The clusters around the landmark form a nested,             monotonically increasing (but not necessarily strictly             increasing) sequence. At each possible intensity level, a             region-of-interest (ROI) is constructed around the cluster             in a particular shape such that the ROI is the minimal shape             containing the cluster. According to one embodiment, the ROI             is a minimal rectangular box, or rectangular hull formed             around the cluster. Other shapes may be used within the             skill of the ordinary artisan. The ROIs also form a nested,             monotonically increasing (but not necessarily strictly             increasing) sequence. According to one embodiment of the             present invention, where the ROI is a rectangular box, for             each ROI in the sequence, we compute the area of the ROI by             multiplying width by height. If the shape for the ROI is not             a rectangular box, the area is computed using a different             formula, depending on the ROI shape. If the characterization             of the ROI being used is not the area, then a different             formula may be used. As an example of a possible             characterization other than area, in ultrasound, the ratio             of width to height is important and this ratio can be used             as the chosen characteristic. Further, if the ROI is             depicted in 3-dimensions, instead of 2-dimensions, volume of             the ROI may be used instead of area.         -   A plot of ROI area vs. intensity level is a step             function—the plot of ROI area vs. intensity may remain             constant for several intensity levels and then “step” up to             a larger size. The number of steps has been found to be             highly predictive of whether the lesion is benign or             malignant using images from a variety of MRI imaging systems             and protocols. Moreover, the number of steps has been found             to show a high degree of independence from other             discriminatory features and to be useful as a component of a             computer-aided-diagnosis or computer-aided-detection system.             In the specific example shown here, an image of a lesion is             interpreted as being benign if the number of steps is less             than or equal to 9 and is interpreted as being cancer if the             number of steps is greater than 9. These thresholds may be             adjusted as appropriate by an ordinarily skilled artisan.             Additionally, other numbers related to the characterization             of the ROI may be used.         -   While the number of distinct ROIs is a function of shape and             gradient of a lesion, it is relatively insensitive to             transformations of intensity values, such as windowing and             leveling, provided that these transformations are not             extreme (e.g., the leveling cannot have reduced the image to             a few intensities).             Methods of Achieving Step (5): Outputting the Measure             Related to the Gradient as a Parameter Reflective of the             Likelihood that the Pixels that are within the Margin Zone             and/or the Identified Region from which the Margin Zone was             Defined, as Described Above, are Cancerous.     -   Method 5A of achieving step (5): The output of the gradient         measure is displayed to the user in the form of a numeric value,         a color code, or a marker such as “x” superimposed on the ADC         map or Hadamard image on an image display.     -   Method 5B of achieving step (5): The output of the gradient         measure is input to a processor that combines the output         gradient measure with one or more other measures of suspicion         derived from the values diffusion scans to compute a new measure         of suspicion.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a general purpose computer that may be used to carry out the processing operations according to the present invention. The computer comprises a CPU, a RAM, a ROM, and an input-output part, which are connected to one another through a bus. The input-output part may include a keyboard, a display, possibly with a touch screen, a printer, a data input configured to be coupled to an MRI apparatus, and a wireless link. Software, or a program, for implementing the invention is stored in non-transitory form in the ROM and is executed under control of the CPU. Data obtained by the scanning operations and computation results are stored in the RAM and the computation results are provided to a suitable output device, for example the display and/or printer.

While the description above refers to particular embodiments of the present invention, it will be understood that many modifications may be made without departing from the spirit thereof. The accompanying claims are intended to cover such modifications as would fall within the true scope and spirit of the present invention.

The presently disclosed embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims, rather than the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for characterizing regions on a map or image generated from diffusion image data of a region of a patient's body, comprising: loading into a data processing device image data achieved by calculation from MR diffusion imaging; providing a first threshold level to distinguish pixels with image data values that are above or below the values found that are not representative of pathological portions of the region of the patient's body; providing a second threshold level that is higher than the first threshold; deriving a measure related to the gradient pattern of those pixels that lie within a margin zone defined by those pixels that satisfy a criterion of the second threshold but do not satisfy a criterion of the first threshold and; outputting the measure related to the gradient as a parameter indicative of the likelihood that the pixels that are within the margin zone and/or a region of the body part are cancerous.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second computed value is independent of the presence or lack of presence of a contrast agent.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the scans are performed while the region of the patient's body is free of contrast agent.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the region of the patient's body consists of at least a portion of a breast. 